23 results
Contributors
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- By Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya, Heather R. Bailey, Carryl L. Baldwin, Daphne Bavelier, Jameson D. Beach, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Kevin B. Bennett, Richard A. Block, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Corey J. Bohil, David B. Boles, Avinoam Borowsky, Jessica Bramlett, Allison A. Brennan, J. Christopher Brill, Matthew S. Cain, Meredith Carroll, Roberto Champney, Kait Clark, Nancy J. Cooke, Lori M. Curtindale, Clare Davies, Patricia R. DeLucia, Andrew E. Deptula, Michael B. Dillard, Colin D. Drury, Christopher Edman, James T. Enns, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Victor S. Finomore, Arthur D. Fisk, John M. Flach, Matthew E. Funke, Andre Garcia, Adam Gazzaley, Douglas J. Gillan, Rebecca A. Grier, Simen Hagen, Kelly Hale, Diane F. Halpern, Peter A. Hancock, Deborah L. Harm, Mary Hegarty, Laurie M. Heller, Nicole D. Helton, William S. Helton, Robert R. Hoffman, Jerred Holt, Xiaogang Hu, Richard J. Jagacinski, Keith S. Jones, Astrid M. L. Kappers, Simon Kemp, Robert C. Kennedy, Robert S. Kennedy, Alan Kingstone, Ioana Koglbauer, Norman E. Lane, Robert D. Latzman, Cynthia Laurie-Rose, Patricia Lee, Richard Lowe, Valerie Lugo, Poornima Madhavan, Leonard S. Mark, Gerald Matthews, Jyoti Mishra, Stephen R. Mitroff, Tracy L. Mitzner, Alexander M. Morison, Taylor Murphy, Takamichi Nakamoto, John G. Neuhoff, Karl M. Newell, Tal Oron-Gilad, Raja Parasuraman, Tiffany A. Pempek, Robert W. Proctor, Katie A. Ragsdale, Anil K. Raj, Millard F. Reschke, Evan F. Risko, Matthew Rizzo, Wendy A. Rogers, Jesse Q. Sargent, Mark W. Scerbo, Natasha B. Schwartz, F. Jacob Seagull, Cory-Ann Smarr, L. James Smart, Kay Stanney, James Staszewski, Clayton L. Stephenson, Mary E. Stuart, Breanna E. Studenka, Joel Suss, Leedjia Svec, James L. Szalma, James Tanaka, James Thompson, Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest, Lauren A. Vassiliades, Michael A. Vidulich, Paul Ward, Joel S. Warm, David A. Washburn, Christopher D. Wickens, Scott J. Wood, David D. Woods, Motonori Yamaguchi, Lin Ye, Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Edited by Robert R. Hoffman, Peter A. Hancock, University of Central Florida, Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion University, Virginia, Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, Virginia, James L. Szalma, University of Central Florida
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research
- Published online:
- 05 July 2015
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- 26 January 2015, pp xi-xiv
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- By Zachary W. Adams, Margarita Alegría, Atalay Alem, Jordi Alonso, Victor Aparicio, Rifat Atun, Florence Baingana, Emily Baron, Marco Bertelli, Dinesh Bhugra, Sanchita Biswas, José Miguel Caldas de Almeida, Edwin Cameron, Somnath Chatterji, Erminia Colucci, Janice L. Cooper, Carla Kmett Danielson, Diego De Leo, Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Marten W. de Vries, Maureen S. Durkin, Xiangming Fang, Julia W. Felton, Sally Field, Andrea Fiorillo, Lance Gable, Teddy Gafna, Sandro Galea, Patrick Gatonga, Sofia Halperin-Goldstein, Yanling He, Grace A. Herbert, Sabrina Hermosilla, Simone Honikman, Takashi Izutsu, Ruwan M. Jayatunge, Janis H. Jenkins, Rachel Jenkins, Lynne Jones, Jayanthi Karunaratne, Ronald C. Kessler, Rob Keukens, Lincoln I. Khasakhala, Hanna Kienzler, Sarah Kippen Wood, M. Thomas Kishore, Robert Kohn, Natasja Koitzsch Jensen, Sheri Lapatin, Anna Lessios, Isabel Louro Bernal, Feijun Luo, Laura MacPherson, Matthew J. Maenner, Anne W. Mbwayo, David McDaid, Ingrid Meintjes, Victoria N. Mutiso, David M. Ndetei, Samuel O. Okpaku, Lijing Ouyang, Ramachandran Padmavati, Clare Pain, Duncan Pedersen, Jordan Pfau, Felipe Picon, Rodney D. Presley, Reima Pryor, Shoba Raja, Thara Rangaswamy, Jorge Rodriguez, Diana Rose, Moosa Salie, Norman Sartorius, Ester Shapiro, Manuela Silva, Daya Somasundaram, Katherine Sorsdahl, Dan J. Stein, Deborah M. Stone, Heather Stuart, Athula Sumathipala, Hema Tharoor, Rita Thom, Lay San Too, Atsuro Tsutsumi, Chris Underhill, Anne Valentine, Claire van der Westhuizen, Thandi van Heyningen, Robert van Voren, Inka Weissbecker, Gail Wyatt
- Edited by Samuel O. Okpaku
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- Essentials of Global Mental Health
- Published online:
- 05 March 2014
- Print publication:
- 27 February 2014, pp x-xiv
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Allocation of Scarce Resources After a Nuclear Detonation: Setting the Context
- Ann R. Knebel, C. Norman Coleman, Kenneth D. Cliffer, Paula Murrain-Hill, Richard McNally, Victor Oancea, Jimmie Jacobs, Brooke Buddemeier, John L. Hick, David M. Weinstock, Chad M. Hrdina, Tammy Taylor, Marianne Matzo, Judith L. Bader, Alicia A. Livinski, Gerald Parker, Kevin Yeskey
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 5 / Issue S1 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2013, pp. S20-S31
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The purpose of this article is to set the context for this special issue of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness on the allocation of scarce resources in an improvised nuclear device incident. A nuclear detonation occurs when a sufficient amount of fissile material is brought suddenly together to reach critical mass and cause an explosion. Although the chance of a nuclear detonation is thought to be small, the consequences are potentially catastrophic, so planning for an effective medical response is necessary, albeit complex. A substantial nuclear detonation will result in physical effects and a great number of casualties that will require an organized medical response to save lives. With this type of incident, the demand for resources to treat casualties will far exceed what is available. To meet the goal of providing medical care (including symptomatic/palliative care) with fairness as the underlying ethical principle, planning for allocation of scarce resources among all involved sectors needs to be integrated and practiced. With thoughtful and realistic planning, the medical response in the chaotic environment may be made more effective and efficient for both victims and medical responders.
(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S20-S31)
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Vortex intensification and collapse of the Lissajous-elliptic ring: single- and multi-filament Biot-Savart simulations and visiometrics
- Victor M. Fernandez, Norman J. Zabusky, Vladimir M. Gryanik
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 299 / 25 September 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 289-331
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The collapsing ‘Lissajous-elliptic’ (LE) vortex ring is examined via quantifications of Single- and multi-filament Biot-Savart numerical simulations. In the single-filament simulations, parametric studies show simple relationships between the collapse boundary and the impulse and energy invariants. Collapse becomes non-monotonic in time, for a sufficiently small initial core ‘radius’. Self-similar, singular-like behaviour of the off-filament strain-rate growth has been observed in a small interval, just prior to core overlapping. The computation of the strain-rate eigenvalues and vortex stretching in a diagnostics box surrounding the collapse region yields patterns observed previously in continuum simulations. New diagnostics are presented, including line densities of the energy and the linear and angular momentum, all of which approach zero in the collapse region of the ring. These diagnostics may provide critical parameters for initiating surgery in a topology-changing algorithm. Our multi-filament simulations exhibit layer-like vortex regions and a ‘torus’-shaped vortex stretching pattern observed previously in continuum periodic-domain simulations of vortex reconnection. Quantifications in a cross-section of the collapse region indicate that the circulation tends to concentrate in the head or frontside of the convecting dipolar structure. This is also the location of the incipient ‘bridge’ which is evolving from the weak filaments that have been convected from the initially outer-vortex regions. The formation of this smaller scale vortex structure exhibits the largest vorticity amplification in the variable-core model simulations.
8 - Regional effects of European integration
- Edited by Richard Baldwin, Université de Genève, Pertti Haapararanta, Helsinki School of Economics, Jaakko Kiander, Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki
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- Expanding Membership of the European Union
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 27 October 1995, pp 193-208
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Summary
Introduction
European integration involves both lower trade costs and increased competition in product markets, and free movements of labour and capital. In practice, we are unlikely to see large-scale movements of labour, since language barriers, cultural differences and social adjustment costs remain high. Capital movements, on the other hand, could be very significant in response to even small differences in rates of return. An important issue, and the one we study in this chapter, is how product market integration and capital movements will interact.
We ask two questions. The first relates to the effects if the integration programme is successful: what will be the combined effect on the regional pattern of production in Europe of product market integration and capital movements? Will we see a tendency to general concentration of industrial activity in the northern EC area; will the effect be a sharper division of labour between the different regions; or what? The second concerns the effects if European integration is only partly successful. Suppose there are free capital movements, but only partial integration of product markets: will this (as has been feared in several EFTA countries) induce large-scale capital exports from North to East and South and, if so, could this have been prevented through complete product market integration?
Trade theory does not provide clear, unambiguous answers to these questions. If product markets are perfectly competitive, it says that the interaction between trade in goods and trade in factors depends critically on whether or not there are technology differences between countries (see Markusen, 1983; Markusen and Svensson, 1985, for detailed discussions of these issues).
7 - 1992 and EFTA
- Edited by L. Alan Winters, University of Birmingham, Anthony Venables, University of Southampton
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- European Integration
- Published online:
- 07 September 2010
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- 23 May 1991, pp 120-139
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Summary
Introduction
The EFTA countries differ from most EC countries in three important respects. One is size: each EFTA country is very small, in sum their production amounts only to that of Britain or France. The second is openness: all EFTA countries trade extensively with the rest of the world; the EC is the largest trading partner, but they also have a large volume of trade with non-European countries. The third is reliance on comparative advantage: net trade is a substantial part of their total trade, and there is a high degree of commodity concentration in their exports.
These aspects are important in relation to the effects of 1992. It seems likely that EFTA and the EC will agree on a programme which will integrate EFTA in the internal market, at least as regards manufactured goods and services. As part of the agreement, the EFTA countries will probably have to accept (and copy) the common external trade policy of the Community. Alternatively, if an EFTA–EC agreement does not come about, most of the EFTA countries will probably join the Community. In either case, therefore, EFTA countries will become part of the internal market, and their external trade policies will have to be modified.
The internal market should give participating countries gains through (a) fuller exploitation of economies of scale, (b) increased competition, and (c) more complete exploitation of comparative advantage.
6 - WELFARE AND TRADE POLICY
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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- Book:
- Theory of International Trade
- Published online:
- 19 January 2010
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Summary
We have looked at some questions of welfare in previous chapters. In Chapter 3 we established the gains from trade in single- and manyconsumer economies. In Chapter 5 we looked at the welfare effects of income transfers, changes in technology, growth in factor endowments, and international factor movements–all in the context of one-consumer countries. We also saw how such a country could gain from the imposition of trade taxes if the world excess supply function facing it was less than perfectly elastic. Thus, we have already looked at a number of welfare implications of trade, and at some issues relating to trade policies. When we now turn to general questions of welfare and trade policy, therefore, it is merely a change in emphasis as compared to the previous chapters.
In particular, this chapter looks explicitly at the optimum formulation of trade policy from the point of view of a single country. By trade policy we shall mean the imposition of positive or negative trade taxes, i.e. specific departures from a policy of free trade. Such a departure could be rationalized on four grounds: (i) trade taxes could be used to affect world market prices, and thereby to achieve better terms of trade, (ii) trade taxes could be used to achieve an optimum domestic distribution of income, (iii) trade taxes could be used to achieve exogenously given targets for trade, production, or consumption at home, and (iv) trade taxes could be used to correct distortions due to market failure.We shall consider each of these separately.
9 - SCALE ECONOMIES AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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The models of trade considered in Chapters 1–6 were all concerned with the theory of comparative advantage and its ramifications. In this chapter we return to questions of trade, but with the important difference that we now look at trade in the context of economies of scale. It is well-known and fairly obvious that scale economies create potential gains from trade–it simply reflects Adam Smith's observation that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. It is also quite apparent that scale economies matter empirically. In particular, the large volume of intraindustry trade–estimated at 50% of world trade by Grubel and Lloyd (1975)–can only be understood within the context of product differentiation and economies of scale. Both theoretically and empirically, therefore, there is a strong case for explicit analysis of the importance of non-convexities for trade.
It is not easy to give a precise treatment of trade based on scale economies. The difficulties relate to the market structure under which such trade will occur. Perfect competition is in general incompatible with economies of scale, so some form of imperfect competition will prevail. For descriptive purposes, one must then choose among the numerous alternative ways in which imperfect competition can be modelled; and the conclusions one arrives at will in general depend on the particular specification chosen. To arrive at a general theory of trade with imperfect competition is therefore impossible; the most one can hope for is a catalogue of special models.The same goes for welfare assessments.
Frontmatter
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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1 - THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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There are two broad themes in the theory of international trade. One is qualitative, being concerned with the pattern of trade, i.e. which country will export which good. The standard theory relates this to comparative advantage, i.e. to international differences in relative opportunity costs, and then tries to explain comparative advantage in terms of differences in technologies, factor supplies, etc. This theme is also concerned with the way in which trade in return affects such determinants of comparative advantage. The other theme is more quantitative, and seeks to explain the terms of trade, i.e. relative prices of exports and imports in a trading world. It also examines how they are affected by changes in data such as factor supplies or technology, and policies such as tariffs. While we have stated the themes as descriptive, it is clear that normative analyses will have to be based on, and will benefit from, a proper understanding of them. Questions of the state of the balance of payments, or of determination of exchange rates, can also be seen as elaborations and extensions of the same basic ideas.
In developing these themes, one should bear in mind two important points. The first is that the very concepts of trade theory– relative costs and relative prices–call for consistent use of general equilibrium analysis. This need not always be Walrasian competitive analysis, but in a problem with several goods and factors, and several producing and consuming units, an approach which constantly reminds us of their mutual relationships is essential if errors of oversight are to be avoided. While obvious, this is sometimes forgotten.
3 - INTERNATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM AND THE GAINS FROM TRADE
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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In this chapter we begin to make use of the analytical techniques developed in the previous one. Our aim is to establish some of the most basic propositions concerning the pattern of trade and the gains from trade. To this end, we first set up models for one country in autarky, and in a trading equilibrium. Simple ‘revealed preference’ comparisons allow us to prove the results concerning gains from trade. Then we consider a model of two countries in a trading equilibrium, which gives some insights into the reasons for trade, and the patterns of trade. Finally, we derive various well-known models as special cases, and compare their properties. The general model will be the workhorse for later chapters, where we study some further properties of trade equilibria, and carry out some comparative statics and policy analyses.
The exposition will proceed from very simple models to successively more complex ones: from one consumer to many, from inelastic factor supplies to variable ones, and from all goods being tradeable to some being non-tradeable. The simpler models serve to introduce concepts and techniques in settings where they are more easily understood; this familiarity will then make the more complex and more realistic cases easier to grasp. In later chapters, we sometimes revert to simpler models for similar reasons; when the complication is not material to the particular purpose, allowing it only confuses the issue.
All models of this chapter, and those of Chapters 4–7, share two important underlying assumptions: (1) each agent, consumer or producer, is a price-taker, (2) prices adjust instantaneously to levels which clear all markets.
7 - MONEY AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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It is common in elementary textbooks to introduce balance of payments adjustment as a manifestation of real disequilibrium. If relative prices are not compatible with clearance of all goods markets, as can happen when enough nominal prices and exchange rates are sticky, then the real imbalances will be reflected in payments imbalances. Each country will, given its competitive assumption that it can transact at the going market prices, plan to remain on its budget constraint, but since all these trades are not mutually compatible in disequilibrium, each will in fact end up violating the constraint.
An example will clarify this. Suppose that in a pure exchange of goods, the equilibrium price ratio between UK and Japan would be 62.5 bottles of whisky per television set. Now suppose the UK price of whisky is sticky at ℒ4 per bottle, and the Japanese price of TV sets at 100,000 yen per set. This will be compatible with equilibrium at an exchange rate of 400 yen/ℒ. But suppose this rate is also sticky at a value of 450. Then the Japanese can exchange each TV set for only 55 bottles of whisky, and the UK needs to offer only 55 bottles to acquire one TV set. Given a stability condition, called the Marshall- Lerner condition, there will be a world excess demand for TV sets and an excess supply of whisky. If trade is attempted under these prices, we will observe a UK balance of payments deficit: If they could sell all their whisky they would operate on their budget constraint, but in the prevailing state of real disequilibrium this plan fails to materialize.
INDEX
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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Preface
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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An addition to the large stock of books on trade theory calls for strong justification. We believe we have one, although not in any novelty of basic aims. On the contrary, we claim that previous treatments fail, often in not pursuing their own avowed aims far enough, and almost always in not pursuing them by the most efficient means.
It is always said that trade theory is a showcase for the theory of general economic equilibrium. Too much of it, however, usually considers only a part of the whole equilibrium, namely the comparative statics of production in one country. This occurs in some discussions of the effects of changes in factor endowments or technologies and of tariffs, but most importantly in dealing with factorprice equalization. The usual way to pose that question is as one of determining factor prices given output prices, or assuming diversified production. Both of these assumptions should really be a part of the whole equilibrium being studied. It turns out that the usual partial insights are very misleading when it comes to such a complete equilibrium of trading countries.
Secondly, when generalizing the simple two-by-two model, trade theorists often forget the lessons to be learnt from general microeconomic theory as to the right questions to be asked.
Contents
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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5 - COMPARATIVE STATICS
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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A number of important questions regarding international trade relate to the effects of changes in the parameters that determine equilibrium prices. Is it necessarily true that a transfer of goods leads to higher welfare for the recipient country? Or could a transfer lead to a deterioration in the recipient's terms of trade sufficient to offset the direct gain from the transfer? Is it necessarily to the advantage of a country to get better production technology, or could this induce terms of trade changes making the country worse off? Is economic growth, in the sense of growth in factor endowments, to the advantage of a country, or is so-called immiserizing growth possible? Is economic growth in one country to the advantage of other countries? Is it to the advantage of both countries to move a factor from a country where its marginal productivity is low to a country where its marginal productivity is higher? To show how answers to such questions can be provided, we must show how parameter changes affect equilibrium prices and utility levels. That is what we do in this chapter. The method is the standard microeconomic one: We take total differentials of the equilibrium equations and solve for changes in prices and utility levels. It will be seen that the formulations adopted in Chapters 2 and 3 make this task much simpler than one might expect.
To avoid unnecessary complications, we shall stick to the simplest version of the catalogue of models set out in Chapter 3
MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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4 - TRADE, SPECIALIZATION AND FACTOR PRICES
- Avinash Dixit, University of Warwick, Victor Norman, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen-Sandviken
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If two countries have the same relative prices of commodities in autarky, and trade is allowed to open up, there is a general equilibrium with zero imports and exports. In the case of a unique equilibrium, therefore, comparative advantage–meaning differences in autarky relative prices–is the basis for trade. However, this is a trivial point, and the theory of comparative advantage goes beyond it to postulate a systematic relationship between the pattern of comparative advantage and the commodity composition of trade. In the first part of this chapter, we examine whether such a systematic relationship exists.
The hypothesis that the pattern of trade reflects comparative advantage is meaningful in the sense that we could test it by computing autarky prices for the countries and comparing them with the observed trade pattern. However, this is hardly in the realm of practical empirical work. Propositions relating trade patterns to easily observable variables are, therefore, much more attractive. That is why the factor abundance hypothesis merits careful consideration: it is the only hypothesis regarding the commodity composition of trade that requires only limited information about demand patterns and production technologies. We therefore look closely at this hypothesis. First we look at the relationship between factor abundance and autarky relative prices. Then we examine some properties of a free trade equilibrium in which the countries differ only in their factor endowments. Under this heading we here study the effect of trade on international factor price differences, and the question of the extent of production specialization induced by trade.